Was The Y2k Bug A Hoax Essay free essay sample

Was The Y2k Bug A Hoax? Article, Research Paper Was the Y2K Bug a Hoax? Keith Best Conceivably the greatest insight story of the 1999 was the Y2K bug. Numerous trusters in the Y2K bug froze and took numerous protections, for example, conveying up supplement and H2O before the New Year. While their non-devotee inverse numbers just gander at it as a standard New Year and wanted to make what they would as a rule make on New Year s Eve. There was a group of ballyhoo sing the adjustment of millenary. Simply as there was the point at which the twelvemonth changed from 999 to 1000. Numerous individuals were foreseeing something huge to go on, similar to judgment twenty-four hours or the arrival of Christ. Similarly as individuals were foreseeing something enormous to go on New Year s 2000. The Y2K bug came around when the individuals who manufactured figuring machines were modifying them they didn Ts have a group of memory to work with so to rescue boundless they abbreviated the day of the month. We will compose a custom article test on Was The Y2k Bug A Hoax Essay or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For delineation December 31, 1999 would be 123199 in the registering machine. Specialists said that the activity with this technique is that processing machines would t be able to recognize 1900 from 2000. So when the day of the month changed from December 31, 1999 to January 1, 2000 it was said that figuring machines would recognize 2000 as 1900, subsequently accepting that a few records were 100 mature ages old. At the point when the day of the month changed to 2000 numerous specialists imagined that processing machines would misfunction or close down completely. Some different employments that were anticipated to travel off base with the millenary bug were specialized gadgets that fizzle, engine bookkeepers for warmth, chilling, and airing fall flat, logical hardware comes up short, programmable gadgets, for example, VCRs, microwaves, and copy machines come up short. It was other than imagined that venders upon whom we depend on to back up stocks and administrations would be not able to make so. It was also expected that finance checks would non be conveyed. A few people arranged for the millenary bug and took it truly serio usly while others believed the entire thing to be an extortion only made up to make more occupations. On one impossible to miss site ( www.novia.net/todd/rap66.html ) a feline raises some truly intriguing focuses. One point that genuinely got my going to was that many figuring machines were at that point using the twelvemonth 2000 way before 2000 arrived. A few things that were using the twelvemonth 2000 preceding it came were protection approaches, bonds, stock end day of the months, spending spendings, fix plans, driver licenses, acknowledgment cards and a large group of arranging plans. Another point that says the millenary bug was made up is that numerous worries changed budgetary mature ages from 1999 to 2000 during 1999 and there wasn T any insight about any huge figuring machine emergencies. There was other than media talk about inserted miniaturized scale contributes numerous contraptions dismissing. There are small scale contributes just about each electrical contraption and the idea of them dismissing would be dreadful, however that wouldn T occur since the immense greater part of implanted french friess have nil at all to make with clasp and day of the months. I thought that it was odd that the solitary significant thing that happened worldwide that could hold been credited to the Y2K bug was a lopsided force blackout in Russia. On the off chance that the Y2K bug should be this tremendous activity that a clump of states were non making anything about or didn t have the assets to fix in cut for the twelvemonth 2000. On the off chance that that were the case wouldn T at that spot have been more occupations with the Y2K bug? There is grounds to back up the two sides of this announcement. In the event that the millenary bug was manufactured so it was an enormous achievement since it made tonss of occupations, was amazingly plugged and it made tonss of cash. Regardless of whether or non the Y2K bug was an extortion we may neer really occur out. List of sources hypertext move convention:/www.novia.net/todd/rapp66.html ( January 27th, 2000 ) hypertext move convention:/www.wbn.com/y2ktimebomb/whatis97.htm ( January 27th, 2000 )

Develope a research plan for this topic = Risk factors for Proposal

Develope an arrangement for this theme = Risk factors for Helicobacter pylori Infections among inhabitants in a Native American settlement - Research Proposal Example Suspicions, Limitations and Delimitations: As the pace of H. pylori seropositivity increases with age, 78% of the inhabitants around 14 years showed seropositivity. Absolute follow up of the whole populace is beyond the realm of imagination so the populace is sectioned and normal follow up will be kept up in the momentum look into. Rundown: Regular follow up is basic to exhibit the specific period of obtaining H. pylori contamination. Wonderful contrast is seen in the seroprevalence of different ethnic networks, along these lines populace is isolated right from the earliest starting point of the examination. Reports set up that the commonness of contamination is high in kids so the investigation is led for the kids beneath 20 years. Future Implications: The outcomes acquired from the examination will be measurably inspected and will be contrasted and the current discoveries. This is unquestionably going to be a stage to ease iron lack pallor and avoidance of H. pylori contamination at prior age. Commitment to social change: The investigation will help in the counteraction of H. pylori disease at the previous age. It is a push to find the pervasiveness of H. pylori disease in a specific network, in a specific age, beginning of contamination and its connection with the iron inadequacy sickliness. Hence it is a commitment towards the social upliftment of the Alaska people group. Parkinson, A.J., Benjamin, D. G., Bulkow, L., Wainwright, R.B., Swaminathan, B., Khanna, B., Peterson, K.M., Fitzgerald, M. A. (2000). High predominance of Helicobacter pylori in Alaska Native Population and Association with Low Serum Ferritin Levels in Young Adults. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 7(6),

10 Books To Put On Hold at the Library Right Now

10 Books To Put On Hold at the Library Right Now Sponsored by Overdrive Meet Libby, a new app built with love for readers to discover and enjoy eBooks and audiobooks from your library. Created by OverDrive and inspired by library users, Libby was designed to get people reading as quickly and seamlessly as possible. Libby is a one-tap reading app for your library who is a good friend always ready to go to the library with you. One-tap to borrow, one-tap to read, and one-tap to return to your library or bookshelf to begin your next great book. There are so many great books being released, all the time. How to choose? And the lists! Library hold lists are so lonnnnnnng. As the late, great Tom Petty sang, The waiting is the hardest part. So here are ten great books coming out in the  beginning of 2018 you should absolutely sign up for RIGHT THIS MINUTE. The Immortalists by Chloe Benjamin   The four Gold children learn visit a psychic who claims to know when people will die. Readers follow along as we see how the information they are given shapes their lives. My spidey senses are telling me that this is going to be one of the biggest novels of 2018.  (Jan. 9) The Woman in the Window by A. J. Finn Finn tries his hand at Hitchcock in this thriller about a woman with agoraphobia who thinks she has witnessed a murder across the street. Set to be the big Gone Girl from the Train with the Dragon Tattoo of early 2018. (Jan. 23) The Wedding Date by Jasmine Guillory   If you are in the mood for something light and fun (and who isnt these days) check out this utterly charming novel about a fake wedding date that turns into real sparks when Alexa and Drew actually hit it off.  (Jan. 30) This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America  by  Morgan Jerkins   Jerkins is one of the smartest young writers of her generation, and this insightful, revelatory collection of personal essays about a variety of todays important issues is fantastic.  (Jan. 30) The Hazel Wood by Melissa Albert Seventeen-year-old Alice must discover who has kidnapped her mother. Well, scratch that she knows who took her mother, but it seems impossible, since the man claims to be from the imaginary land Alices late grandmother wrote about in a book. This is going to be a huge young adult title for 2018. (Jan. 30) Feel Free: Essays by Zadie Smith A new essay collection! I was a big fan of Smiths last novel, Swing Time, but I am so ready to her some truths from Queen Zadie. (Also, it has been said that her next novel, coming in 2019, is her first try at historical fiction. YES PLEASE.) (Feb. 6) The Belles by Dhonielle Clayton Camellia is a Belle in Orleans, where beauty is a commodity. But Camellia wants more: She wants to be the Queens favorite Belle. But as she will learn, dreams have a price. I have been anticipating this book for so long, and I cant wait to get my hands on it! (Feb. 6) The World Only Spins Forward: The Ascent of Angels in America by Isaac Butler and Dan Kois An oral history about the importance of Angels in America, from the artists involved with its Broadway creation to the people involved in the film adaptation. Timed to be released with the 2018 Broadway revival.   (Feb. 13) Sunburn by Laura Lippman Lippmans latest is racking up starred reviews left and right. Its about two strangers who meet at a bar and become dangerously ensnared in each others lives. But who is the cat and who is the mouse? (Feb. 20) Ill Be Gone in the Dark: One Womans Obsessive Search for the Golden State Killer by Michelle McNamara True crime fans, raise your hand! This is a painstakingly researched book about the Golden State Killer, by the woman who gave him that nickname. Sadly, it will be as sought after for its subject as it will for the fact that McNamara passed away right before its completion.  (Feb. 27)

Vietnam Before And After Doi Moi Policy - 1619 Words

Le 1 Vinh Le 12/07/2014 Prof. Solimini Final Paper Vietnam before and after Doi Moi policy. Imagine, there decades ago, what was Vietnam? One of the most aggressive economy in the world? No. It was one of the poorest and the most under-developed country. What miracle happened to change the face of the country? In such a situation, the Government did what needed to be done: making a revolution. An innovation named Doi Moi (renovation) was introduced in 1986. Since Doi Moi, we have witnessed a wide variety of changes in Vietnam. During the past two decades, its economy has grown at an annual average rate of around 7.5 percent, making Vietnam one of the fastest growing countries in the world. Key words: Bao Cap(subsidy) period, Doi Moi(renovation) policies 35 years since the day the war ended (April-30-1975), Vietnam economy has transformed from a Socialist economy into a Market economy with all the attributes that a competitive economy needs. In this economy, the fluctuations of supply and demand or financial instability occurs, inflation appears as a matter of fact. But with the economy operating under the Socialist way the word â€Å"inflation† was not a concern of those who guide and steer the Bao Cap economy. Before Doi Moi policies, Bao Cap period was a stage where most economic activity takes place under the central planned economy- the characteristics of the economy under communism. Le 4 Goods were distributed under the state stamps, goodsShow MoreRelatedThe Socialist Republic Of Vietnam905 Words   |  4 PagesSocialist Republic of Vietnam Vietnam stretches one thousand miles from China in the north to the Gulf of Thailand in the south. The Gulf of Tokin and the South China Sea border the eastern side of the country. In the west, the Annamite Mountains separate Vietnam from Cambodia and Laos. To the north, along Vietnamese-Chinese border are the Hoang Lien Mountains, containing the highest point in Vietnam. Hanoi is the capital and Ho Chi Minh City, previously Saigon, is the largest city. Vietnam is divided intoRead MoreTourism in Vietnam7418 Words   |  30 Pagessince the Open Door Policy Wantanee Suntikul 1*, Richard Butler 2 and David Airey 3 1 School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 2 Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Strathclyde, UK 3 School of Management, University of Surrey, UK This paper proposes that the development of the tourism accommodation sector in Vietnam, since the inauguration of the open door policy within the reform programme of doi moi, can be divided intoRead MoreArt Is A Reflective Mirror1945 Words   |  8 Pageshistory, Vietnam- my birthplace with its art is the one that was heavily affected by its own history of wars. â€Å"Painting is an instrument of war†, said Pablo Picasso; according to the visual art heritage from various foreign cultures during the twentieth century, Vietnam Art has become unique and different from its neighbors. In Vietnam, Art used to be a weapon for artists during wars to fight against the politics, to document all of historical aspects or to serve the revolution. Vietnam Art is transformativeRead MoreThe Political And Social Consequences Of Vietnam s Communist Party1714 Words   |  7 PagesVietnam s Communist Party is now facing the political and social consequences of its decision to integrate the cou ntry with global capitalism. The Communist Party has been enforcing a campaign against what it considers â€Å"social evils† like prostitution and there is a strict new law to stop the exploitive adoption of Vietnamese babies by wealthy foreigners. Vietnam formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2007 and now has to change many of its laws and practices to comply with WTO rules. Read Moreimport and export of VN 20132198 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HOCHIMINH CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Subject: MACROECONOMICS Students’ Name: Ä Ã¡ »â€" Linh Phá » ¥ng – BABAIU12264 Nguyá »â€¦n Thanh HÆ °Ã¡ » ng – BA070006 REPORT The economy of Vietnam is a developing planned economy and market economy. Since the mid-1980s, through the Doi Moi reform period, Vietnam has made a shift from a highly centralized planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy which use both directiveRead MoreLong Run Growth Of Viet Nam1191 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In recent years, Viet Nam has become the fastest growing industry in East Asia, the long run growth of this country economy can be illustrated in several historical periods. The paper will begin with the historical time before and after the Economic liberalization _ Doi Moi in 1986.The the study will focus on the time when Viet Nam joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) at 2007 and finally is the performance of government in recent years. The Back Ground of Viet Nam Economy Viet Nam isRead MoreViet Nam : The World Trade Organization ( Wto )2495 Words   |  10 PagesIn recent years, Viet Nam has become the fastest growing industry in East Asia, the long run growth of this country economy can be illustrated in several historical periods. The paper will begin with the historical time before and after the Economic liberalization _ Doi Moi in 1986.The the study will focus on the time when Viet Nam joining the World Trade Organization (WTO) at 2007 and finally is the performance of government in The Back Ground of Viet Nam Economy Viet Nam is a growing and transformingRead MoreEssay on Wars and The Birht of Republic, Different Topics1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nations of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.   French, the long time colonial ruler of Indochina was being fought by these nations.   The French started their colonial rule over Indochina in 1859, and had control by 1885.   During World War II, Vietnam resisted French rule, and as the World War came to an end, Japan defeated the French taking control of Vietnam.   Again during 1945, the Vietnamese fought against Japanese rule and were victorious only to be reoccupied by France soon after. But During theRead MoreCivil Society s Influence On Society2848 Words   |  12 Pages2004). In Asia, civil society has attracted considerable attention in the past decade; In fact, some scholars believe that there is no term of â€Å"civil society† in Asia at all (Rowe 1993). However, models of civil society in Europe were often offered after civil socie ty had appeared, but in Asia, civil society is seen at different stages as well as political constitutions. There is no single definition of civil society. For the early definition, civil society was defined as that arena of social engagementRead MoreVinamilk Marketing3312 Words   |  14 Pagesintroduction of an innovative new product from Vinamilk Company after dwindling sale of a poor designed, quality, attached service and unreasonable price. The analysis will expose an outline of the best marketing strategies to allow Vinamilk approach the achievement of the company’s strategic goals. â€Å"Vinamilk Fresh Milk† will be marketed as a unique functional drink while to striving to reinforce the company’s status as the leader in Vietnam dairy industry. The main aim of this report is to present the

Essay on Liberal Media Bias in the United States - 1356 Words

People rely on journalist to report factual news and to make political points in helping the American citizen in making their decision when it comes time to vote. Since American’s do not have time to research every side to all the stories that have been published, they count on the media to portray both sides. However, you cannot believe everything that the media reports. If you were to pay attention to the reports given by journalists, you will find that they report on the stories that they feel they want to get out. And when it comes to politics, they have a way of leaning more towards a democratic view. The American media has a way of portraying the news in a bias way, which has been studied, researched, and reported to†¦show more content†¦Many journalists are predominately liberal and are considered more liberal that the general public. They have a way of manipulating news to help Democrats and the liberal agenda. â€Å"Strong conservatives and Republicans are more likely to distrust the media news† (Lee Tien-Tsung). Although the media deny being bias, there are ways to prove that it does exist without the proof of studies and research. When journalist only report from one side of the story and use phrases from witnesses or experts from the one side that they are reporting on, media bias is presented. If the journalist fails to report on the conservative side of the story, or the conservative part is either barely mentioned or comes at the end of the story instead of mentioning it during the liberal view, this is another example. Another way to identify this type of reporting would be looking for the journalist to put a spin on the story. This happens when journalist make one side of the story more appealing than the other. (Baker) Since the general public is able to spot bias in the media, they no longer trust the news. Back in 2001, when four major networks starting running evening news broadcasting, the ratings had drop ped significantly (Alterman 7). Other means of bias stories in the media have been proven with the help of studies, research, and by taking polls and surveying the general public. Surveys can be insightful to see how the public views things. Many journalists take aShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Mainstream Media On Today s Audience1212 Words   |  5 PagesMainstream media plays a huge influence on today’s audience and influences choices made when it comes to important decision making such as voting for the next President. Most Americans don’t look up important topics and decide who or what to vote for. They get most of their information from mainstream news networks such as CNN, CBS, NBC, and Vice News. Most of these major news networks that I listed show some form of liberal bias. What is liberal bias? How can we document this liberal bias so that weRead MoreThe Political Opinions Of The American People Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical opinions of the Ameri can people are ultimately developed by their collective culture, lifestyle and political ideology. The majority of the American people are undeniably influenced and informed, directly and indirectly, by multiple sources of media on a daily basis. In this day and age, technology has allowed national political news to spread throughout the country virtually immediately via the internet, television, and radio. Many people might believe that popular news companies share and releaseRead MoreMedia Bias And The Civil Rights Era1286 Words   |  6 PagesMedia bias is a topic that has been in great focus of many political leaders over the past few presidential elections. However, what many people fail to see is that media bias has been around since the beginning of major news companies. 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Growing older and more understanding of certain issues and what is going on in the world it has been easier for me to acknowledge this bias and opinion of news reporters when watching the news. Being more in the middle of the right and left wing I can see how the media inputs its views that are not objective or twists stories to makeRead MoreMedia s Views On Media Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous media outlets that we ar e exposed to daily that are managed by individuals who hold resolute views regarding specific pressing political topics. They share their views with the general public. Media is made up of various dissimilar forms. These include social media, television, radio, and podcasts. As a result of these abundant media sources, many viewers are affected by what they are subjected to daily when exhibiting media. 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Building A Complex Recommendation System Mixed With...

Problem: When people go to restaurants, or to a cafeteria, it is hard to choose a meal immediately and people have no idea if the food is healthy or tasty. There is a truth that most people do not realize that their diets endanger their life and health. Goal: To build a complex recommendation system mixed with motivation induction methods to gradually change people’s diets and eating patterns to be more healthy and suitable to them. Procedures: Start asking students and friends to do questionnaires about what part(s) of meals they think are the most important. Analyze the data input to make sure what factors I should conclude in the recommendation system. Search and find a proper recommender algorithm for different parts which affect people’s diet. Tracking food and recording data from friends, students and teachers. Coding different algorithms and testing them with an example database to determine which algorithm(s) I should use in the system. Test the final system on friends, students and teachers. Research topics: Learn about basic recommendation system’s types and algorithms. Find their merits and try to match them to recommend a specific field. Present situation and problems of applications of recommender system in diet. Basic research of influence of food nutritions on people’s diet and health. Datalist: What foods do people eat every meal? How do people like their taste and how do they score them from 0 to 10? Risk assessment: Various recommendationShow MoreRelatedStudy on Peekay Steel Castings Ltd9554 Words   |  39 Pagescastings and recommends the various changes that could improve the efficiency of organisation. The study also goes through a SWOT analysis of the organisation which helps in giving a detailed idea about how firm works and also helps in giving recommendations to the future growth of firm. 1.2 Objectives of Study * To study the impact of management on the performance of the organisation * To study various functions in each department of the organisation * To know the process of managementRead MoreChanging Behavior Case Study Analysis7120 Words   |  29 PagesDifferent types of feedback can have different impacts. As far back as Thorndike (1927), specific feedback has been proven to be an important means of modifying behavior. More recent studies using specific feedback to reduce energy consumption have had mixed results. In one study, people provided with daily feedback on electricity consumption used 10.5 percent less electricity. However, another study found that feedback alone was not enough to affect energy consumption. Some people received feedback aboutRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 Pages+ 44(0)20 8329 2945 E-mail: info@abeuk.com ï‚ · www.abeuk.com  © Copyright, 2008 The Association of Business Executives (ABE) and RRC Business Training All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, mechanical, photocopied or otherwise, without the express permission in writing from The Association of Business Executives. Advanced Diploma in Business Management STRATEGICRead MoreImpact of Promotional Strategies on Consumer Buying Behaviors: a Case of Hollister Co18263 Words   |  74 Pagesdata were analyzed and integrated at the end of the chapter four. In chapter five, research judgment has been done through discussing applicability of research data to the aim and objectives of the research. 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It includes a detailed analysis of thinking on performanceRead MoreA Case Study of Performance Appraisal26386 Words   |  106 Pagesorganisation has a new vision, and robust business planning processes have been introduced. However, there is a need to improve performance management through a new performance appraisal system. The overall purpose of the research is to assess the gaps between expectations and experiences in order to inform a new system. The literature review explains the background to the development of performance and its measurement in the public sector. It includes a detailed analysis of thinking on performanceRead MoreRecruitment and Selection Process of Insurance9958 Words   |  40 Pagesadds about 7% to the GDP. Like the case of BPO’s, Insurance sector too faces the problem of attrition. Thus, recruitment is an ongoing process carried through out the year. The project is based on the study of recruitment process. The various recommendations suggested have been the result of the study. The idea is to generate ways of dealing with high attrition and making hiring process manageable and efficient. Data Used in Project There were mainly two sources of data collection Primary data: Read MoreThe Effect of Student Attitudes and Beliefs on Mathematics Education29432 Words   |  118 Pages5 Teachers’ Experiences on SMASSE INSET 107 4.6 Summary 111 CHAPTER FIVE 113 5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...113 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 SMASSE INSET and Students’ attitude 113 5.3 SMASSE INSET and Performance In Mathematics 115 5.4 SMASSE INSET and Teacher’s Teaching Approach and methodology 115 5.5 Conclusion 116 5.6 Recommendations 117 5.7 Summary 123 5.8 Suggestions for Further Research 124 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 APPENDIX I: STUDENTS QUESTIONNAIRERead MoreA Project Study on ‚Äà ²Recruitment and Selection in Ims Learning Resources Pvt. Ltd‚Äà ´11571 Words   |  47 Pagesanalysis of IMS Learning Resources Pvt. Ltd. was undertaken. 1. RECRUITMENT 1.1 INTRODUCTION People are integral part of any organization today. No organization can run without its human resources. In today’s highly complex and competitive situation, choice of right person at the right place has far reaching implications for an organization’s functioning. Employee well selected and well placed would not only contribute to the efficient running of the organization butRead MoreHsg 6529900 Words   |  120 Pagessafety 33 Inset 9 Role and functions of safety advisers Chapter 4 Planning and implementing Planning for health and safety 39 Workplace precautions 39 Risk control systems (RCSs) 41 Management arrangements 42 Setting objectives 46 Devising workplace precautions 30 37 38 Planning the overall health and safety management system 44 Inset 10 Controlling health risks 46 Hazard identification 49 Risk assessment 49 Risk control 50 47 Inset 11 ‘So far as is reasonably practicable’, ‘So

Manual Handling in the Health Care Sector free essay sample

This assignment seeks to discuss three key themes in relation to Manual handling in the health care sector and will describe the literature which supports this. This topic has been chosen as the handling of patients plays an important role in Health and Social care. NHS, (2010, p. 3) states that Manual handling is a core competency for staff caring for patients. This assignment will look at the importance of training that is required to ensure competent and safe use of equipment and the moving and handling of patients. Secondly this assignment will go on to describe how poor manual handling can affect Patients. There are many problems that can arise from incorrect manual handling, therefore this assignment will focus on the risk of pressure ulcers and will also describe what staff can do to help minimise this risk. Finally, this assignment will then look at how poor manual handling can affect staff, particularly concentrating on the risk of back injury and how Healthcare professionals can reduce this risk. There are many types of equipment used to assist patients in moving and it is crucial that staff receive the correct training and that they are aware of the equipment that is available.It is important that staff feel confident and competent when using equipment to ensure the safety of themselves and the Patient. If the incorrect manual handling techniques are performed this could lead to injury to the patient and carer and could result in patient discomfort and development of pressure ulcers, as well as back problems for the carer. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, (NICE, 2003) states that training in pressure ulcer prevention should be given to all health care professionals.Training should involve the correct use of pressure relieving aids, knowledge of positioning to minimise risk and also have a clear understanding of the risks involved (NICE, 2003). Staff working for the NHS should have available access to a back care advisor (BCA), or a manual handling expert, who should arrange training where necessary (NHS, 2O1O). It is also imperative for staff to be up to date with current regulations so that the carer has a clear understanding of the implications of manual handling (Kozier et al. 2008).The Manual Handling Operations Regulations (1992) emphasises that manual handling should be avoided wherever possible to do so. It is important that manual handling should be avoided where there is a risk of injury to the Patient or the Carer. If this cannot be avoided then a full ergonomic risk assessment must be completed by the employer (Manual Handling Operations Regulations, 1992). Knowledge of risk assessment is important so that employers are able to assess and reduce risks of manual handling. In 2007 the HSE carried out a report to find out what constitutes effective manual handling training.The results showed that there was evidence that the most effective form of manual handling was ergonomic interventions (HSE, 2007). Practical fundamentals in training were found to strengthen learning, particularly if adapted to personal needs. It was found, that in order for manual handling training to be effective, training needs to be an ongoing process and reinforced with regular refresher courses (HSE, 2007). However, it was found that principles learnt during training are not always applied in the workplace. Poor manual handling can have a negative impact on a patient both physically and mentally.Chell (2003), states that patients are at high risk of injury from incorrect handling techniques. The National Back Pain Association (1998) supports this statement by proposing that poor manual handling techniques can lead to patients suffering from shoulder displacement, damaged nerves and tissue injuries. It has been reported that despite these facts, many nurses continue to use poor manual handling techniques. This has been put down to staff shortages, poor supervision and short supply of handling equipment (Kozier et al. 2008).Action needs to be taken to ensure that staff have access to adequate equipment and supervision to ensure patient safety. In a survey carried out by the Nursing times, it was said that two thirds of Nurses believed that shortage of equipment compromises patient safety (Ford, 2010). One problem which may arise from incorrect lifting techniques is the development of pressure ulcers. Effective moving and handling has a great role to play in the prevention of pressure ulcers and this is why training is so important (Hall, 2001). Inappropriate moving and handling techniques may result in skin damage.Pressure ulcers can be caused by pressure, friction and shear (NICE, 2003). For example, if a patient is dragged rather than lifted when using a slide sheet, this could cause friction and could potentially lead to skin damage. Consequently this could result in the Patient having to stay in hospital longer which could impact on a Patients psychological state. Nursing interventions play an important part in the reduction of pressure ulcers. A nurse can help to reduce the risk of pressure ulcers by promoting activity, carrying out skin inspections and assessments, and by using pressure relieving devices (Lynn, 2005). Some patients may fear being dropped when moved using equipment (Rogers, 1999), thus it is important for the Nurse to communicate with the patient, this way the Nurse can explain how the equipment works and the patient can express any concerns that they may have. It is important to remember that not all patients like lifting equipment and may feel uncomfortable, anxious and find it undignified (Rogers, 1999). Nurses are subject to wear and tear injuries from manoeuvring patients and the biggest risk and cost to nurses is back injury (Rogers, et al. 999). The Department of Health, 2004 (cited in Kozier 2008, p. 227) estimated that one in four nurses take time off work due to back injury. It is reported that nurses have around 30 percent more days off per year due to back pain than any other profession; this costs the NHS over ? 50 million a year through absence (Rogers, et al. 1999). As well as the cost implications to the NHS, this can lead to low morale as the loss of one member of staff can impact on the work load of others, which can cause stress to remaining staff.As well as pain and discomfort through back injury, back injury can have an impact on the individual’s psychological state and can lead to low self esteem and even depression. Providing manual handling aids and training are very important factors in helping to reduce the risk of back injury. However it is equally important for nurses to use manual handling aids, according to White, 1997 (cited in Rogers, et al. 1999, p. 206) nurses state that they don’t use manual handling equipment due do the patients dislike of equipment. However in more recent literature it is stated that nurses don’t have access to adequate equipment to use in assisting patients with moving (Ford, 2010). Back injury is a very common occurrence in nursing, but there are many measures that an individual can take to reduce the risk of developing back pain; this can be achieved by maintaining a good level of physical fitness, exercising regularly and having an understanding of body mechanics is important as this can help prevent spinal damage.Psychological factors, such as stress can also influence injury as this can cause muscles to tense up, if a member of staff is feeling stressed it is important for them to talk about their problems, meditation and yoga can also be beneficial and is said to help reduce stress (Mental health foundation, 2010). Staff can also help to reduce long-term risk by attending training sessions and following manual handling policies.If a worker does not feel confident in using equipment, they can contac t a BCA within the NHS who can provide appropriate training and information (NHS, 2O1O). To conclude, this assignment has addressed a number of significant issues regarding manual handling. After reviewing the current literature supporting Manual handling it is apparent that back injury is the most common type of illness amongst nursing staff and is associated with a high level of sickness absence, as a result this costs the NHS a staggering 50 million per year. Training is proven to be beneficial, with research showing that ergonomic intervention is the most beneficial in helping to reduce manual handling injuries, thus it is important that risk assessments are enforced in the work place. It was found that poor training can have a big impact on both patient and carer, with patients being at a much higher risk of developing pressure ulcers and the carer being at a much higher risk of developing back injury. It was also found that a big reason for not using equipment aids was due to there not being an adequate supply.